Essay on History of the Juvenile Justice System - 1477 Words

RUNNING HEAD: HISTORY OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM Juvenile Delinquency: The History of the Juvenile Justice System Shandi Lillard Kaplan University CJ 150 – 02 Professor Raymond Keefauvor June 14, 2011 The History of the Juvenile Justice System The Juvenile Justice System is seen by many as being ineffective in treating the youth of this country, the programs are outdated and there seems to be little, if any hope that these youth will stay on the right path once released back into society. This paper will discuss the history of the Juvenile Justice System as well as how it has evolved since its inception. We will also discuss the â€Å"waiver process† that is used when transferring juveniles into the adult system, and what,†¦show more content†¦However, it wasn’t until 1899 that juveniles were awarded their own court in which to handle juvenile crimes; the first juvenile court was opened in Chicago and within 25 most states had followed suit and created their own juvenile courts (Americanbar.org). The courts worked on the doctrine of Parens Patriae, which means â€Å"Parent of the Country†, they treated each case on an individual basis, with the main goal being rehabilitation, most cases were treated as non-criminal, but courts at times did remove the youth from their homes and had them placed in reform schools as a part of that rehabilitation. The best interest of that child was always what was most important. The goals of the Juvenile Court were described best by one of the first presiding judges of the juvenile court, Judge Julian Mack, in which he stated: The child who must be brought into court should, of course, be made to know that he is face to face with the power of the state, but he should at the same time, and more emphatically, be made to feel that he is the object of its care and solicitude. The ordinary trappings of the courtroom are out of place in such hearings. The judge on a bench, looking down upon the boy standing at the bar, can neverShow MoreRelatedEssay on The History and Evolution of the Juvenile Justice System1368 Words   |  6 PagesThe history of the juvenile justice system is a mixture of the criminal justice system, family court, child protective services, social services, orphanages, adoption and humanitarian growth. (Schmalleger, 2007) Where a child fit into the system would depend on the crime, family pedigree, financial standing, color and social status. Children of color would be treated harsher than whites, Indian children were treated worse than African American Children, and status was determined by the color ofRead MoreEssay about History of the Juvenile Justice System2644 Words   |  11 Pagesdiscuss the history of the juvenile justice system and how it has come to be what it is today. When a juvenile offender commits a crime and is sentenced to jail or reform school, the offender goes to a separate jail or reforming place than an adult. It hasn’t always been this way. Until the early 1800’s juveniles were tried just like everyone else. Today, that is not the case. This paper will explain the reforms that have taken place within the criminal justice system that developed the juvenile ju sticeRead MoreFuture of the Juvenile Justice System1280 Words   |  6 PagesFuture of the Juvenile Justice System The future of the juvenile justice system is uncertain. There is a struggle to try a find a way to serve the needs of the juvenile delinquents and issue them a punishment for violating the law. In order to improve the direction of the juvenile justice system, recommendations are needed regarding community involvement, law enforcement, courts, corrections, and the private sector. These recommendations address issues that the system is currently facing and offersRead MoreBad Kids Race And The Transformation Of Juvenile Court1649 Words   |  7 PagesIn Bad Kids Race and the Transformation of Juvenile Court, Barry Feld provides a history as well as possible solutions to the problems that currently have a grapple hold on our juvenile justice system. Barry Feld is one of the nations most respected scholars of juvenile justice and currently teaches the subject, amongst other things, at the University of Minnesota. Feld himself graduated from law school at the University of Minnesota and l ater received his Ph.D. in sociology from Harvard. This book’sRead MoreJuvenile Justice System And Adult Justice Systems1589 Words   |  7 Pagesbe discussing both the juvenile and the adult justice systems. There are several differences between the two systems, which may surprise you. I will be discussing many aspects within the justice systems. These include Terminology, Due Process rights, the process of Arrest to Corrections, Juvenile crime compared to Adult crime, age limits and waivers for the adult system and the different community correctional options, which are available to the offenders. The two systems share many of the same termsRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency Is A Problem1508 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Delinquency When looking into the history of United States and elsewhere juvenile delinquency is a problem and has been one for over a century. Like other systems in place, the system involving juvenile delinquents has gone through many stages. In the case of the juvenile delinquency, it has gone through four stages, with us presently in the fourth. The causes behind juvenile delinquency are still unknown even today. Some blame it on the current culture, the over-exposure to violenceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Cycle Of Juvenile Justice1342 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: CYCLE JUVENILE JUSTICE​ ​1 Analysis of the Cycle of Juvenile Justice Theory Name School ​​ Professor Class Date Analysis of the Cycle of Juvenile Justice Theory ​In the text, Thomas Bernard examines the cyclical nature of the juvenile justice system (Weisheit Culbertson, 2000, p. 13-31). The author posits that the implementation of juvenile justice is constantly swinging from one extreme to the other based, largely, on the public’s perceptionRead MoreThe Get-Tough Effectiveness Of Juvenile Recidivism. The1037 Words   |  5 PagesThe Get-Tough Effectiveness of Juvenile Recidivism The reason for this research paper is to examine the history and the purpose the juvenile system. We will also examine the history and effectiveness of the Get- tough Law on juvenile recidivism, followed with the overall conclusion of the research. The Juvenile justice system has undergone many changes since its establishment in the 1890s. These changes were implemented by the desire to have a justice system which is sensitive and responsive toRead MoreThe Role Of Parens Patriae Within The Criminal Justice System873 Words   |  4 Pagesthe concept of parens patriae within the Criminal Justice System corresponds with the shaping of juvenile justice. Throughout history, the Criminal Justice System seldom focused on the understanding of the relationship between children and criminal responsibility and the special needs of juveniles. Despite of age, juveniles were often overlooked and were typically processed and subject to the similar punishments as adults. Consequently, juveniles placed in the same facilities as adults who committedRead MoreThe High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe high incarceration rate of juveniles is a significant social problem that affects society as a whole as well as the yo uth’s individual welfare and developmental trajectory. Adolescents who are incarcerated in the juvenile justice system face a multitude of negative lifelong implications. The history of incarcerating youth in residential facilities such as juvenile halls, camps, ranches or group homes as a consequence for committing crimes has a deep-rooted history in the United States. â€Å"For more

School Uniforms or Not School Uniforms, That Is the Question

â€Å"Everything that glitters isn’t gold,† states Williams Shakespeare. School Uniforms do not have a positive effect on educational development. Uniforms are said to promote school spirit unity, decrease violence, and increase academic performance. However, these statements cannot be further from the truth. Clothing simply is a resource that protects the body from harmful environmental factors and nudity. School boards should not continue to use a recycled unsterilized bandage to put on an open wound. School Uniforms have no effect on a student when involved in an abusive relationship from parents or a current partner. Putting a child in a standard white polo and khaki pants will not give them focus, because their heart and mind are troubled with fear. In the beginning of class, a teacher can place an assignment in front of them and the student will not even recognize his or her presence. The classwork will be turned in incomplete, because their life is in total chaos. School is the least of this student’s worry, because they worry about the next time violence will come against them. This student remedy for educational improvement is counseling not superficial clothing that only changes physical appearance. Homelessness is also a very common issue that is shared among students all over the nation. School Uniforms create a problem for these students parents financially. Parents have to budget the money that already isn’t there to purchase these uniforms. This student comes inShow MoreRelatedSchool Uniforms And The School Uniform1422 Words   |  6 Pages Most of schools have different policies regarding the school uniforms. There was increase in the school that ask their students to wear a uniform. However, the benefits of the school uniform still unclear for many people. So, the researches conduct research about the actual benefit of the school uniform. Some of the research show there are a relationship between the school uniform and the overall student behavior, safety, and achievements. Many researches follow different method to collect theirRead MoreDo School Uniform Have An Effect On Students Academic Achievement?1273 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Research question: Do school uniform have an effect on students academic achievement ? - What do school uniforms mean to students? -What are the pros and cons of having school uniform? - What is the effect it has on students? This research starts with the hypothesis: there is no relationship between uniform and student academic achievement. This main research topic is divided into three subtopics above to address the main question gradually. The aim for conducting this researchRead MoreDoes Wearing School Uniform Have An Influence On Student s Behavior?927 Words   |  4 PagesResearch Question: Does wearing school uniform have an influence on student’s behaviour? Review of Literature: The debate regarding whether the students should have to wear school uniform has been prevalent for many years. For example, some people insist that wearing uniform can really make a difference in a student’s academic performance, while others do not. There are still a lot school boards and parents arguing about it. Wearing school uniform has its advantages and disadvantages, but the pointRead More School Uniforms Essays684 Words   |  3 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Schools today arent in the best condition. There is teasing, violence, discrimination, cliques, and poverty. There is much to say about how having mandatory school uniforms will help these problems. My question is, will uniforms help these problems enough to dismiss the hurt that they would cause? I say the uniforms do little to help. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Having uniforms would stop the teasing and discrimination about clothing, but there is more to teaseRead MoreSchool Uniforms Should Be Public Schools968 Words   |  4 Pages School Uniforms Parents around the globe have emphasized the controversy over school uniforms. During the school year of 2011-2012, one in every five school required students to wear school uniforms. America s first documented schools to inaugurate uniforms were in Maryland and Washington. Throughout the previous years in America, there have been numerous disputes whether school uniforms should be in public schools. In the last 30 years, public schools have often been hostilely compared to privateRead MoreShould Uniforms Be Used in Public Schools?1150 Words   |  5 Pagestouchiest subjects of public schools would be about if they should enforce school uniforms, or should they just enforce a dress code? This subject has many different views, and plenty of good pros and cons on the matter. In our personal belief, we think that schools should only enforce dress codes, and stay away from assigning specific uniforms. Obviously everyone has their own view on this, we are going to give you some insight o n how dress codes could do more harm on public schools than good. TeachersRead More Dress Codes and School Uniforms Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesDress Codes and School Uniforms The ringing of the alarm clock that is placed conveniently beside your bed wakes you. The sound startles your brain into getting out of your warm, cozy bed. It is time to go to school. You must wake up now in order to make it on time. If you are late again, your teacher will probably give you that nasty look of dismissal. What are you going to wear? Is this a dilemma you face each morning? Do you have trouble wanting to get out of your bed, and then you areRead MoreThe Fashion Industry1447 Words   |  6 Pagesdecorative cities but also into the lives and environments of public schools and their students. The insertion of so called â€Å"fashion† into the public school environment can be taken either as noble or corrupt; however in this case, there is nothing spectacular about the so called â€Å"fashion† and or â€Å"self-representation† that students are claiming to be wearing in today’s society. Not only has the non-uniform policies at public schools aloud students to wear pretty much whatever they want, with some exceptionsRead MoreDress For Success : School Uniforms899 Words   |  4 Pages Dress for Success? School Uniforms Tureicka McClendon Louisiana College Educational Leadership ED 600 Dr. Amy Craig Dr. Marion Skiles September 19, 2015 Dress for Success? School Uniforms Purpose of the Study School Uniforms has an everlasting effect on some students. Weather it is in the classroom or out in public. This study debates the diverse effect that school uniform has on student achievement, attendance, and behavior (Gentile Imberman, 2012 pg. 1). Often students and parents areRead More Its Time for Uniforms in American Schools Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesIts Time for Uniforms in American Schools Works Cited Missing School uniforms have been debated in the public school system for what seem like fifty years. Understand the constructive views that most administrations envision, you start to recognize the goals associated with having students wear them; however, there is a flip side. The unenthusiastic views that are associated with school uniforms present an equally intriguing question. Should schools incorporate them into the curriculum or not

SWOT Analysis Management Theory and Practice

Question: Discuss about the SWOT Analysis for Management Theory and Practice. Answer: Introduction: The approaches of Marilyn Moor, the chief information officer(CIO) and Paul Robinson, director of pharmacy are based on the needs of their own department. Marilyn has to take solution considering the organizational needs that is more suitable for the entire organization on the functional and cost perspective aspect whereas Robinson has to meet the needs of his own department (pharmacy) as well as staff nurses that are needed for the performance of entire organization. When the solution of Marilyn is considered, it provides an elaborate automation that could be carried out organization-wise. This solution is cost justified and completely verified. It gives answer to all the concerns of organizational domain integration based on SWOT analysis which is most needed for an organization before implementing any new project (Pestle, 2014). It gives required time for stabilizing the earlier implantation strategies to become completely functional and so it becomes the cost justified method that is capable of increasing revenues of the organization which might be needed for the future implementation. This solution has analyzed the impact and futurity of decision (Gupta, 2006). It also emphasize on a long term planning approach which is necessary for welfare of the patient. The demerits of this solution are the increased period of time needed for planning, purchasing and implementing the solution. It is difficult to get organizational acceptance to implement it. As far as Robinsons approach is concerned, it is appreciated and accepted by the pharmacist and staff nurses and gains their support completely. It also provides the solution at the earliest that might have apparent positive effect on the total patient care which is the primary concern of LMH. But it requires half of budget of the organization that is allocated for the most needed hospital functional operations and patient care, which may endanger the growth of the hospital operations. The implementation of the smart-IV pumps will meet only the requirements of pharmacist and staff nurses but not other staffs. It has not considered the direct and indirect expenses (Tomey, 2004). The automation process involved in the integration of the new system into the EMR may be complicated and more time consuming. It may create a culture in organizations vision making departmental needs as most important. By analyzing the merits and demerits of both approaches, the approach by Marilyn seems to be appropriate as it gives the long-term and more stable solution. It is in accordance with the goals and vision of organization too. It is wholly cost justified and assures a permanent approach that is necessary for patients care. On the other hand, the pharmacist and staff nurses were able to perform nicely with older methods. Based on the given scenario, at first the mediator (leader) should read and understand the organizational goals (Prasad, 2009). The mediator should consider the strategic planof an organization before implementing any departmental or organizational innovations.Both the approaches should be evaluated todetermine their value to the hospital organization and patients.The approach that could be easy for purchasing, installing and integrating should be selected. It is better to have many rounds of discussion with both the groups before implementing. During discussion, a mediator should be thorough about the merits and demerits of both approaches. The main function of a mediator is to perform the cost analysis for both the approaches. Basically a mediator should be impartial and neutral to both groups and should exert an assertive way of communication (Tomey, 2004). The solution should be presented in such a way that it is accepted by both the groups. The mediator should perform budget (financial) and statistical analysis that involves the calculation of the cost implications that is involved in projecting the expected outcomes of both approaches. A leader (mediator) should make conscious and purposive creation by coordinating with other departments (Prasad, 2009, Potter, 2004). The mediator should assess the available resources including time, man power, etc for implementing (Tomey, 2004). He/ She should view the organizational risks and benefits of implementing these solutions and its impact on the organizational development. It is the mediators responsibility to promote the discussions on both the approaches to long term approach rather than short term approach. He/ she should help these groups to perform SWOT analysis before projecting their approaches (Pestle, 2014). All the approaches will have both merits and demerits yet the approach with limited demerits that is not affecting the complete function of the hospital organization should be preferred. The aim of mediator should be giving total patient care with all means but the budget of the hospital should be considered and should provide quality care within this limit. These methods should be practiced before implementing LMH. The mediator should also make the discussion groups to focus on the difficulties experienced while using EMR system and discuss the time needed for stabilizing LMH. At the end the main role of mediator is to make both the groups to understand the merits and demerits of their solution. Reference Gupta, C. B. (2006). Management theory and practice. Sultan Chand Sons: New Delhi Pestle analysis. (2014). The SWOT Analysis: Defining your Organization Needs. Retrieved from https://pestleanalysis.com/swot-analysis-definition/ Potter Perry. (2004). Potter and Perrys Fundamentals of Nursing. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Prasad, L.M. (2009). Principles and Practice of Management. Sultan Chand Sons: New Delhi Tomey, A. M. (2004). Guide to nursing management and leadership. Mosby: Elsevier. Wager, K Lee, F. (2013). Health care information systems: A practical approach for health care management. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

The Conflict Between Christendom And Islam Essays - Christianization

The Conflict Between Christendom And Islam Since Islam came into being, it has clashed numerously with the already established Christianity. Their rivalry has never ceased until today. Modern Examples would be Bosnia and Lebanon. There were not only military clashes but political as well as economical. Although, the rivalry was incredibly intense, ironically, Arab or Islamic culture managed to severely influence the Christian kingdoms. However, Christianity used all the advantages provided by Islam to their advantage and through that they managed to keep the Arabs at bay. Islamic civilization and its rise were thanks to one man and that is the last prophet, Prophet Muhammad. Islam came into being in 622AD and it was the last of the great civilizations. Islam managed to push the Arabs into a new kind of community, which at the same time spread far beyond Arabia, Persians, Indians, North African countries and parts of Europe came under its domination. The Arabs managed to capture most of the most powerful economic areas. In the Mediterranean their navy conquered Cyprus and crippled Byzantine sea power. They first clashed with the Christians when they tried to besiege Constantinople. In 711 they started their raids into Spain and in 716 they conquered it. They tried to conquer France but the Franks under the leader Charles Martel handed the Arabs their first defeat. From the end of the 7th century till the middle of the 11th, the Mediterranean remained something of a Muslim lake and western trade with East Asia wasn't cut off during these centuries, it was significantly diminished and carried on in awareness of Muslim dominance. ( Craig, Graham, Kagan, Turner, The heritage of western civ. Pp323) In the early Middle Ages the main power in Europe was always the Pope and later in the 700's it was shared with Charlemagne. The combination of these two managed to keep the Arab invasions at bay. But the Christians did benefit with their contact with Islamic culture. The aggressiveness of the Arabs forced western Europeans to rely on their own resources and to develop their own heritage and culture. By diverting the focus and energy's of the Byzantine Empire, the Arabs prevented it from expanding into Western Europe allowing the Franks and the Lombargs to gain power. And by controlling their Mediterranean Western access to eastern trade and cultural influence was diminished. There was also a lot of creative interchange between these two cultures. The Arab civilization taught western farmers irrigation, the tanning of leather, refinition of silk and educated their scholars. Down to the 16th century the basic gynecological and childcare manuals were compilations of the famous Iranian Islamic scholars physician and philosophers like Razi, Kharazmi and Ibm-Sina were still utilized. These scholars made some of the greatest discoveries. For example Kharazmi discovered the significance of alcohol in medications. ( Cargill, Menzont, Interaction of civ. Pp 561) Relations between the two during those times were not always antagonistic. In 802 Charlemagne received, from the caliph, Harun-al-Rashid, a white elephant. In truth the Christians made not only a great amount of wealth of their contacts with the Arabs with a whole deal of knowledge which led to their ascendancy of power during the Renaissance years. Civilization in Western Europe gained much more than it could have ever before. Another fact about the Islamic civilization was that they were quite a tolerant and practical race. Their tolerance of certain religions like the Jews provided more distaste between the Christians and themselves. This was an antagonism between the two until recently when the Arabs revolted against the new state of Israel. ( Jacobs, Fisher, Einzholdt, Islamic Heritage, Pp 192) There were times when Islamic culture actually managed to influence not only the culture but the religion of the Christians as well. For instance, during the siege of Constantinople in 730 when Leo III managed to repulse the invaders he also got ideas to change certain parts of the Christian religion. He forebade the use of images in Eastern churches and tried to enforce the ban in the West, even though his efforts insulted the Western churches. ( www. UCLA /index/essays/Islam/index.com ) In 1071, the Byzantine Empire was handed a major defeat by the Muslim Seljuq Turks

The Broken Sword of the Empire Review Essay Example

The Broken Sword of the Empire Review Paper Essay on The Broken Sword of the Empire What is the Soviet Union? Empty shelves, downtrodden population, poverty, economic inefficiency, lack of democracy, rotten state? The list goes on and on. Myths about the country with which the disappearance was not more than 20and years, more and more. Watch TV, and the next Svanidze says the backwardness of the USSR in the industry, about the bloody gebnya, a crushing defeat in the Cold War. Over and over again in the head is driven idea of ​​the backwardness of the USSR, the full technical superiority of the West. Maxim Kalashnikov done a great job in his book. He showed other USSR. Hidden from the eyes of an ordinary citizen, a strong technological power. Ideas that seemed unattainable and which have been implemented. Kalashnikovs book is not just an emotional description of what it was in the USSR, and that specifically lost in exchange for dermokraty. This techno-opera, techno anthem of Soviet weaponry and the industry! A few examples are examples, Almaz, 3-seater manned spacecraft, armed with 23-millimitrovoy cannon to destroy enemy satellites; Skif-D, essentially the same thing, only armed with a chemical laser; plasma gun and a plasma shield; incredibly huge plane Mriya (the one of 2012) to display the Buran in orbit, unique missiles, military aircraft, navy, and much more. Episodes of unparalleled heroism of the Soviet soldiers and scientists fill this book and make proud of their compatriots. Soviet victory in space, technology, science, industry, all hushed up. And only sometimes pos sible to learn something. We will write a custom essay sample on The Broken Sword of the Empire Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Broken Sword of the Empire Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Broken Sword of the Empire Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Another important detail. Unlike the West, the USSR created all alone, focusing on its domestic market. West also share the costs between the two countries. For example, Japan, manufactures high-tech and automobiles, heavy industry there. US computers, military industry and the car industry, given that the US has oil and other minerals, they prefer not to touch them. Resources were drawn from the third world countries. In general, every western country, took over part of the technological, industrial and financial burden. And the Soviet Union produced a whole series of consumer goods, functioned all the necessary industrial facilities (factories) was mined minerals, carried out scientific and technical work and all these things one country! All the rest of the world to do together, we have made ourselves, and have done so much better West. Remember, the whole strength of present-day Russia, as well as the rest of the CIS, held on the Soviet heritage. But the Soviet Union collapsed. Why? The book is the answer to this question. Elite. Or rather the ruling elite. Indeed, a flock of sheep (in any case is not about people, but about the destruction of the country after the revolution) controlled by a lion (not talking about Stalin), better herd of lions (read above), driven ram (by someone too happy call a sheep, its the range of the 80). West was crafty, they understand that can not stand against the Soviet Union in an open battle. Therefore, they conducted psychological treatment of our country, and especially of our elite. They showed us pictures of life in the US and in Europe, and the whispered give up their country, and you will live also. Intellectuals, who lived in the Soviet Union, having received an excellent education in the USSR, taking advantage of the benefits of the USSR, living in houses and cottages provided by the USSR, the hated scoop, and all the forces fought against him. And so at the helm of the greatest Empir e (aka Soviet Kalashnikov rarely calls) were weak, helpless and frightened people. Therefore, it is easy to give up the leadership of the USSR position after another, so the citizens of the country so indifferently reacted to the collapse of the state. Country betrayed, destroyed, crushed, sold, dismembered. ?. In the name of what P.S After the collapse of the Soviet Union, especially in the West, there was a sad saying: All that the West said about the Soviet Union, was a lie. All that the Soviet Union talked about the West was true  »

Case Study EasyJet Essays

Case Study EasyJet Essays Case Study EasyJet Essay Case Study EasyJet Essay Essay Topic: Easy Marketing This report will consist of an analysis of EasyJets macro and micro marketing environment. Macro-environmental factors include; political, economical, social and technological changes to the environment, i.e. the external marketing environment. The micro-environmental factors on the other hand include groups of people directly affected by the companys decision; for example; stakeholders, competitors, intermediaries and customers, i.e. the internal marketing environment. Using these I will then go on to conduct a SWOT analysis. A SWOT analysis will enable me to look EasyJets strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and in turn allow me make strategic recommendations for the future. In order to help do this, the report will be based on collected and analysed data about EasyJet and will look in depth and analyse what this means to Tesco as a European conglomerate. Background to EasyJet EasyJet was launched in November 1995 by a Greek called Haji-Ioannou with a fleet of two Boeing 737-300 flying from London to Glasgow and Scotland. Today it operates with 72 aircraft, offering 125 routes from 39 European destinations. The defining way that EasyJet was able to establish itself into such a successful airline is largely due to its base concept of offering a low cost, no-frills service. It believed that as the demand for short-haul air transport was price-elastic, reducing prices would mean more people would fly. This might be a reason why EasyJet was able to undercut its rivals as traditionally airline concepts are based on the fact that airline traffic grows in line with the economy and that cutting prices will only lead to a decrease in revenues. EasyJets revenue in 1998 was  £77 million and in 2006 this figure had risen to 1,619.7 i(easyJet.com) EasyJet keeps costs low by eliminating the unnecessary costs and frills associated with traditional airlines. This is don e by through numerous methods: use of the internet to reduce distribution costs, maximise the utilisation of substantial assets, ticketless travel, no free lunch, efficient use of airports and paperless operations. Easyjet.com is the main brand name ii(keynote.com) and its mission statement is To provide our customers with safe, good value, point-to-point air services. To effect and to offer a consistent and reliable product and fares appealing to leisure and business markets on a range of European routes. To achieve this we will develop our people and establish lasting relationships with our suppliers. (easyjet.com) EasyJet is now the UKs leading low-cost airline and the second-largest in Europe after Ryanair. It continues to facilitate its strategy of growth, for example, with the addition of the Airbus and GB airways at a cost of  £103.5 million iii(news.bbc.co.uk), currently it looks like it will just go from strength to strength? EasyJets external marketing environment (STEP analysis) In order to conduct a STEP analysis, firms need to review the environment in which they operate. The following factors play a major role in the airline industry today i.e. political-legal, economic, socio-cultural and technological. Social Factors Whilst being a dominant low-cost airline, and the second largest in Europe, EasyJet has not won over all members of the public. Currently the French and German community are proving a problem. This is because there is a general reluctance to use credit cards over the phone and Internet. (Hattee J. (2000).) Currently 95% of all tickets are sold over the internet iv(easyJet.com). The idea of cheap flights generally appeals to the public. However, the promotion of prices through for example newspapers and Teletext that are unrepresentative of the actual cost on another day/time, are likely to deter or antagonise customers. It has actually been in the news recently that airlines such as EasyJet should only advertise prices that show the actual cost i.e. includes all taxes etc, a ploy used before to draw in customers. Technological Factors EasyJet is faced with balancing technological advancements, for example, the use of the internet on distribution and cost synergies from industry consolidation, and the risk of rising costs and competitive pricing. EasyJet was one of the first airlines to embrace the opportunity of the Internet when it sold its first seat online in April 1998. Now approximately 95 % of all seats are sold over the Internet, making easyJet one of Europes biggest Internet retailers. v(easyjet.com) Technological developments in the field of e-commerce and aircraft manufacture are vital in allowing EasyJet to maintain an advantage over its competitors. EasyJet now offers paperless operations as the management and administration of the company is undertaken entirely on IT systems which can be accessed through secure servers anywhere in the world enabling huge flexibility in the running of the airline. Also passengers instead of receiving tickets now get emails containing there travel details and booking reference online. This has greatly reduced the costs of issuing, distributing, processing and reconciling millions of tickets each year. vi(easyJet.com) Economic Factors There are likely to be increases in fuel costs, congestion and other environmental restrictions. The risk of terrorism is likely to have an impact on insurance costs i.e. they will go up and the system of security implemented i.e. much greater/more alert. Globalisation should continue to boost traffic in the long-term and the introduction of the single currency in Europe is likely to bring more business to EasyJet as Europe becomes more integrated. Stelios Haji-Ioannou, the founder of low-cost airline easyJet, believes that the euro has reduced the currency risks of running a business in Europe and that must lower costs and hence prices for consumers. vii( www.time.com) Political-legal Factors The political environment concerns the role of the government and the extent to which it intervenes in an economy. Political issues, such as the threat of ongoing war in the Middle East, and more recently issues in South America have driven up oil prices. They have also been going up due to the threat of a cold winter. As a result this reflects on the cost of aviation fuel. Whilst these political factors have a direct impact on the economy, such as increasing fuel costs, increased congestion, environmental restrictions, higher security, and insurance, they are intrinsically linked with social-cultural effects i.e. impacting upon the attitudes towards air travel. Due to terrorist attacks such as September 11th, airlines such as British airways have stopped flights to certain countries (particularly in the middle- east), in fear of another attack. This has had a domino effect whereby it has caused a political stir, with Britains believing that they maybe the next victims of a terrorist attack. Airlines have lost a lot of money as they are no longer going to certain destinations. I believe the implication of certain security measures have also had an influential effect on customers. As ordered by the Transportation Security Administration, new security screening went into effect due to the foiled British terror attacks. The primary restriction was the carrying-on of liquids or gels including beverages, shampoos, sun tan lotions, toothpaste and hair gel. Passengers were permitted to have baby formula and/or breast milk, prescription medicine with a name matching that of the traveller, and non-prescription medicines. Any beverages purchased past the security checkpoint must be consumed prior to boarding any aircraft. Philip Fanara, Jr., Ph.D. CFA, from the department of finance, insurance, and international business, expresses his view that airlines may lose some customers due to the new regulations being an inconvenience. viii(www.thehilltoponline.com) EasyJets internal marketing environment Competitive analysis EasyJet faces stiff competition from airlines such as Ryanair, BMIbaby, MyTravelLite and Buzz. Virgin Express, Hapag Lloyd Express, Germanwings and Air Berlin already are or might become competitors as a result of future expansion plans. Ryanair (EasyJets main competitor) is the only one of these companies so far to have succeeded and shown a continuous annual profit. In September 2006 it made  £235 million and in September 2007 the figure had risen to 291 million, a 24% increase. ix(www.ryanair.com) Suppliers EasyJet currently has two suppliers, Boeing and Airbus. An important part of easyJets strategy is to operate a modern fleet and based on the current business model, requires easyJet to acquire a significant number of further aircraft whilst achieving a low total fleet operating cost. Between 2003 and 2007 there were 12 aircraft deliveries under the Boeing contract. However, 120 aircraft deliveries were made under the Airbus contract in this same period. x(www.easyjet.com) Airbus was looked more favorably upon as it offered significantly better value than Boeing, the Airbus Contract enables it to purchase Airbus A319 aircraft at a price approximately a third per seat below the price for the Boeing 737-700 aircraft delivered to it under the Boeing Contract in August 2002. Other factors included fact that the Airbus had agreed to provide extensive support to the Company, especially with regard to training for easyJets pilots, cabin crew and maintenance personnel. Also, Airbus has put arrangements in place in keeping with low cost operation i.e. Airbus A319 aircraft maintenance will not exceed the cost of maintenance for its Boeing 737-700 aircraft. xi(EasyJet.com) Media The media have provided a link between the airline EasyJet and the public. Press releases portraying special deals and new routes available Im sure have proved beneficial to EasyJet in terms of attracting new customers. For example, deals of the week are advertised which are ideal for those on a budget who need some inspiration when looking for a holiday destination or for those looking for a last minute getaway at an affordable pricexii(www.easyjet.com) and also routes, easyJet to launch flights to Jersey!EasyJet, Europes leading low-fares airline, today announced it will launch two new routes to Jersey from Liverpool and London Luton next spring, with daily flights commencing on 31 March and 21 April respectively. xiii(www.easyjet.com) Press is generally good for EasyJet. Environmentalists With the number of flights leaving the UK set to double or triple by 2030, environmentalists have put airlines at the centre of the debate on global warming, a development that could lead to restrictions being imposed on the industry. The Conservatives have unveiled their `Greener Skies proposals. Among the suggestions are the introduction of VAT on fuel for domestic flights and higher tax rates for frequent flyers. xiv(www.keynote.co.uk) Customers Travel is now a priority for todays consumers, however the youth market needs addressing. The outlook for consumer expenditure looks extremely healthy, which will continue to sustain leisure spending. With holidays and additional short breaks now the UKs top two expenditure priorities (23% and 22% respectively), this multiple trip culture has become so ingrained that it will require a major downturn to change this. In Mintels Holiday Lifestyles Responsible Tourism UK, Leisure Horizons January 2007, some 22% of respondents stated that even the disappearance of low fares would fail to change their habits. The 25-44-year-olds are currently the core low-cost market and despite the budget connotations, the no-frills market is actually driven by the wealthier socio-economic groups splashing out on multiple trips.xv(http://academic.mintel.com)

Polynesian Questions and Answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Polynesian Questions and Answers - Essay Example allotted $15 million annually to aid them. This brought about the sudden change in the people and had significantly impacted on their culture but did nothing to enable them to implement a self-sustaining economy (Dunford and Ridgell, 1996, p. 60-62). The people came to be overly dependent on the financial aid extended to them and started the commotion fuelled by greed and disparity primarily because of the mismanaged resources that landed constantly on an ill-prepared group of people. The concept of family before the advent of dependency in Micronesia had drastically changed over the last decades. The social unit was characterized by nuclear families that lived together in a compound with harmonious relations with each other. Hezel describes this community where in Chuuk for example dwellings would be in a single cluster of land where extended family units live and in this area there would be what is called a fanang which is basically a cookhouse where the families would take turns i n cooking the meal enough for every member of the nuclear family. The will also be an uut which serves many purposes such as a meetinghouse or a dormitory for the unmarried men as well as a place for them to learn. Other islands would entail similar practices such as Chuuk where most would be centrally matrilineal such as Marshalls and Pohnpei. This would take its turn and change when Western imposition found its way to them (Hezel, 2001, p.9-10). It was in 1991 after having been bona fide member of the United Nations when the Federated States of Micronesia had to elect their own government officials in a legislature who will choose among themselves the person to represent them as president. The people were allowed to migrate to the United States of America where approximately 2,000 flocked to Guam, Hawaii and mainland United States, a great block settling in the two previously mentioned U.S. territories (Dunford and Ridgell, 1996, p. 90-91). The people found this mass migration to be a necessity in order to provide for their underprivileged families by sending them remittances from foreign land instead of staying in a direly impoverished country. With many of its productive citizens abroad labouring on foreign land, Micronesia suffered continued economic immobility for lack of effective economic policy carried over from its years as a trust territory. The islands became excessively dependent on the annual budget provided by the United States and they were not able to cultivate a sense of economic stability since aid regularly comes their way. Father Hezel maintains that though a great number of Micronesians have settled in U.S. soil, many still find themselves deeply rooted to their native land. â€Å"Anyone who thinks that Micronesian emigrants abroad simply vanish one day never to be seen again need only to scan the departure area of a return flight to the islands to discover that this is far from the case (Hezel, 2001, p.159). The mass of Micronesians who were able to immigrate to the United States affects health care and education in the sense that they add up to the government expenditure necessary to finance public education and health care. Most of them have found a permanent home far from their native land and this equates to additional families that rely on government support to live according to decent